Aramini B, Masciale V, Grisendi G, Bertolini F, Maur M, Guaitoli G, et al. Dissecting tumor growth: the role of cancer stem cells in drug resistance and recurrence. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14:976.
Gao W, Wu D, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zou C, Dai Y, et al. Development of a novel and economical agar-based non-adherent three-dimensional culture method for enrichment of cancer stem-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9:243.
Wang Z, Wu D, Ng CF, Teoh JY, Yu S, Wang Y, et al. Nuclear receptor profiling in prostatospheroids and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2018;25:35–50.
Tang DG. Understanding and targeting prostate cancer cell heterogeneity and plasticity. Semin Cancer Biol. 2022;82:68–93.
Wolf I, Gratzke C, Wolf P. Prostate cancer stem cells: clinical aspects and targeted therapies. Front Oncol. 2022;12:935715.
Chaves LP, Melo CM, Saggioro FP, Reis RBD, Squire JA. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition signaling and prostate cancer stem cells: emerging biomarkers and opportunities for precision therapeutics. Genes (Basel). 2021;12:1900.
Brabletz S, Schuhwerk H, Brabletz T, Stemmler MP. Dynamic EMT: a multi-tool for tumor progression. EMBO J. 2021;40:e108647.
Zheng X, Dai F, Feng L, Zou H, Feng L, Xu M. Communication between epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity and cancer stem cells: new insights into cancer progression. Front Oncol. 2021;11:617597.
Yu RT, McKeown M, Evans RM, Umesono K. Relationship between Drosophila gap gene tailless and a vertebrate nuclear receptor Tlx. Nature. 1994;370:375–9.
Jackson A, Panayiotidis P, Foroni L. The human homologue of the Drosophila tailless gene (TLX): characterization and mapping to a region of common deletion in human lymphoid leukemia on chromosome 6q21. Genomics. 1998;50:34–43.
Monaghan AP, Grau E, Bock D, Schutz G. The mouse homolog of the orphan nuclear receptor tailless is expressed in the developing forebrain. Development. 1995;121:839–53.
Sun G, Cui Q, Shi Y. Nuclear receptor TLX in development and diseases. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2017;125:257–73.
Nelson AT, Wang Y, Nelson ER. TLX, an orphan nuclear receptor with emerging roles in physiology and disease. Endocrinology. 2021;162:1–13.
Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL. The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2016;1866:23–36.
Liu HK, Wang Y, Belz T, Bock D, Takacs A, Radlwimmer B, et al. The nuclear receptor tailless induces long-term neural stem cell expansion and brain tumor initiation. Genes Dev. 2010;24:683–95.
Zou Y, Niu W, Qin S, Downes M, Burns DK, Zhang CL. The nuclear receptor TLX is required for gliomagenesis within the adult neurogenic niche. Mol Cell Biol. 2012;32:4811–20.
Chavali PL, Saini RK, Zhai Q, Vizlin-Hodzic D, Venkatabalasubramanian S, Hayashi A, et al. TLX activates MMP-2, promotes self-renewal of tumor spheres in neuroblastoma and correlates with poor patient survival. Cell Death Dis. 2014;5:e1502.
Lin ML, Patel H, Remenyi J, Banerji CR, Lai CF, Periyasamy M, et al. Expression profiling of nuclear receptors in breast cancer identifies TLX as a mediator of growth and invasion in triple-negative breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2015;6:21685–703.
Nelczyk AT, Ma L, Gupta AD, Gamage HEV, McHenry MT, Henn MA, et al. The nuclear receptor TLX (NR2E1) inhibits growth and progression of triple- negative breast cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2022;1868:166515.
Wu D, Yu S, Jia L, Zou C, Xu Z, Xiao L, et al. Orphan nuclear receptor TLX functions as a potent suppressor of oncogene-induced senescence in prostate cancer via its transcriptional co-regulation of the CDKN1A (p21(WAF1) (/) (CIP1)) and SIRT1 genes. J Pathol. 2015;236:103–15.
Jia L, Wu D, Wang Y, You W, Wang Z, Xiao L, et al. Orphan nuclear receptor TLX contributes to androgen insensitivity in castration-resistant prostate cancer via its repression of androgen receptor transcription. Oncogene. 2018;37:3340–55.
Zhou J, Pei X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Gao W, Ye R, et al. Orphan nuclear receptor TLX promotes immunosuppression via its transcriptional activation of PD-L1 in glioma. J Immunother Cancer. 2021;9:e001937.
Cheung CP, Yu S, Wong KB, Chan LW, Lai FM, Wang X, et al. Expression and functional study of estrogen receptor-related receptors in human prostatic cells and tissues. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90:1830–44.
Gao W, Wang Y, Yu S, Wang Z, Ma T, Chan AM, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)-NO signaling axis functions to promote the growth of prostate cancer stem-like cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2022;13:188.
Tang B, Raviv A, Esposito D, Flanders KC, Daniel C, Nghiem BT, et al. A flexible reporter system for direct observation and isolation of cancer stem cells. Stem Cell Rep. 2015;4:155–69.
Yu S, Wang MW, Yao X, Chan FL. Establishment of a novel immortalized human prostatic epithelial cell line stably expressing androgen receptor and its application for the functional screening of androgen receptor modulators. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2009;382:756–61.
Yu S, Xu Z, Zou C, Wu D, Wang Y, Yao X, et al. Ion channel TRPM8 promotes hypoxic growth of prostate cancer cells via an O2 -independent and RACK1-mediated mechanism of HIF-1alpha stabilization. J Pathol. 2014;234:514–25.
Yu S, Jia L, Zhang Y, Wu D, Xu Z, Ng CF, et al. Increased expression of activated endothelial nitric oxide synthase contributes to antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer cells by suppressing androgen receptor transactivation. Cancer Lett. 2013;328:83–94.
Yu S, Wong YC, Wang XH, Ling MT, Ng CF, Chen S, et al. Orphan nuclear receptor estrogen-related receptor-beta suppresses in vitro and in vivo growth of prostate cancer cells via p21(WAF1/CIP1) induction and as a potential therapeutic target in prostate cancer. Oncogene. 2008;27:3313–28.
Griffett K, Bedia-Diaz G, Hegazy L, de Vera IMS, Wanninayake US, Billon C, et al. The orphan nuclear receptor TLX is a receptor for synthetic and natural retinoids. Cell Chem Biol. 2020;27:1272–84.e4.
Benod C, Villagomez R, Filgueira CS, Hwang PK, Leonard PG, Poncet-Montange G, et al. The human orphan nuclear receptor tailless (TLX, NR2E1) is druggable. PLoS One. 2014;9:e99440.
Zou C, Yu S, Xu Z, Wu D, Ng CF, Yao X, et al. ERRalpha augments HIF-1 signalling by directly interacting with HIF-1alpha in normoxic and hypoxic prostate cancer cells. J Pathol. 2014;233:61–73.
Yu S, Wang X, Ng CF, Chen S, Chan FL. ERRgamma suppresses cell proliferation and tumor growth of androgen-sensitive and androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells and its implication as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2007;67:4904–14.
Chu JH, Yu S, Hayward SW, Chan FL. Development of a three-dimensional culture model of prostatic epithelial cells and its use for the study of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibition of PI3K pathway in prostate cancer. Prostate. 2009;69:428–42.
Rybak AP, He L, Kapoor A, Cutz JC, Tang D. Characterization of sphere-propagating cells with stem-like properties from DU145 prostate cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2011;1813:683–94.
Liu X, Qiao Y, Ting X, Si W. Isocitrate dehydrogenase 3A, a rate-limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle, promotes hepatocellular carcinoma migration and invasion through regulation of MTA1, a core component of the NuRD complex. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10:3212–29.
Morath I, Hartmann TN, Orian-Rousseau V. CD44: More than a mere stem cell marker. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2016;81:166–73.
Shi Y, Chichung Lie D, Taupin P, Nakashima K, Ray J, Yu RT, et al. Expression and function of orphan nuclear receptor TLX in adult neural stem cells. Nature. 2004;427:78–83.
Zhang CL, Zou Y, He W, Gage FH, Evans RM. A role for adult TLX-positive neural stem cells in learning and behaviour. Nature. 2008;451:1004–7.
Elmi M, Matsumoto Y, Zeng ZJ, Lakshminarasimhan P, Yang W, Uemura A, et al. TLX activates MASH1 for induction of neuronal lineage commitment of adult hippocampal neuroprogenitors. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2010;45:121–31.
Li W, Sun G, Yang S, Qu Q, Nakashima K, Shi Y. Nuclear receptor TLX regulates cell cycle progression in neural stem cells of the developing brain. Mol Endocrinol. 2008;22:56–64.
Sun G, Yu RT, Evans RM, Shi Y. Orphan nuclear receptor TLX recruits histone deacetylases to repress transcription and regulate neural stem cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104:15282–7.
Luque-Molina I, Shi Y, Abdullah Y, Monaco S, Holzl-Wenig G, Mandl C, et al. The orphan nuclear receptor TLX represses Hes1 expression, thereby affecting NOTCH signaling and lineage progression in the adult SEZ. Stem Cell Rep. 2019;13:132–46.
Ou CY, Poon VY, Maeder CI, Watanabe S, Lehrman EK, Fu AK, et al. Two cyclin-dependent kinase pathways are essential for polarized trafficking of presynaptic components. Cell. 2010;141:846–58.
Cui Q, Yang S, Ye P, Tian E, Sun G, Zhou J, et al. Downregulation of TLX induces TET3 expression and inhibits glioblastoma stem cell self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10637.
Chanmee T, Ontong P, Kimata K, Itano N. Key roles of hyaluronan and its CD44 receptor in the stemness and survival of cancer stem cells. Front Oncol. 2015;5:180.
Collins AT, Berry PA, Hyde C, Stower MJ, Maitland NJ. Prospective identification of tumorigenic prostate cancer stem cells. Cancer Res. 2005;65:10946–51.
Aaltomaa S, Lipponen P, Ala-Opas M, Kosma VM. Expression and prognostic value of CD44 standard and variant v3 and v6 isoforms in prostate cancer. Eur Urol. 2001;39:138–44.
De Marzo AM, Bradshaw C, Sauvageot J, Epstein JI, Miller GJ. CD44 and CD44v6 downregulation in clinical prostatic carcinoma: relation to Gleason grade and cytoarchitecture. Prostate. 1998;34:162–8.
<a data-track="click||click_references" rel="nofollow noopener" data-track-label="10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980215)34:33.0.CO;2-K” data-track-item_id=”10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980215)34:33.0.CO;2-K” data-track-value=”article reference” data-track-action=”article reference” href=”https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291097-0045%2819980215%2934%3A3%3C162%3A%3AAID-PROS2%3E3.0.CO%3B2-K” aria-label=”Article reference 49″ data-doi=”10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(19980215)34:33.0.CO;2-K”>Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gao AC, Lou W, Dong JT, Isaacs JT. CD44 is a metastasis suppressor gene for prostatic cancer located on human chromosome 11p13. Cancer Res. 1997;57:846–9.
Fontanella RA, Sideri S, Di Stefano C, Catizone A, Di Agostino S, Angelini DF, et al. CD44v8-10 is a marker for malignant traits and a potential driver of bone metastasis in a subpopulation of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med. 2021;18:788–807.
Hurt EM, Kawasaki BT, Klarmann GJ, Thomas SB, Farrar WL. CD44+ CD24(-) prostate cells are early cancer progenitor/stem cells that provide a model for patients with poor prognosis. Br J Cancer. 2008;98:756–65.
Patrawala L, Calhoun T, Schneider-Broussard R, Li H, Bhatia B, Tang S, et al. Highly purified CD44+ prostate cancer cells from xenograft human tumors are enriched in tumorigenic and metastatic progenitor cells. Oncogene. 2006;25:1696–708.
Hao J, Chen H, Madigan MC, Cozzi PJ, Beretov J, Xiao W, et al. Co-expression of CD147 (EMMPRIN), CD44v3-10, MDR1 and monocarboxylate transporters is associated with prostate cancer drug resistance and progression. Br J Cancer. 2010;103:1008–18.
Hernandez JR, Kim JJ, Verdone JE, Liu X, Torga G, Pienta KJ, et al. Alternative CD44 splicing identifies epithelial prostate cancer cells from the mesenchymal counterparts. Med Oncol. 2015;32:159.
Ni J, Cozzi PJ, Hao JL, Beretov J, Chang L, Duan W, et al. CD44 variant 6 is associated with prostate cancer metastasis and chemo-/radioresistance. Prostate. 2014;74:602–17.
Kwon OJ, Zhang L, Jia D, Xin L. Sox2 is necessary for androgen ablation-induced neuroendocrine differentiation from Pten null Sca-1(+) prostate luminal cells. Oncogene. 2021;40:203–14.
Matsika A, Srinivasan B, Day C, Mader SA, Kiernan DM, Broomfield A, et al. Cancer stem cell markers in prostate cancer: an immunohistochemical study of ALDH1, SOX2 and EZH2. Pathology. 2015;47:622–8.
Russo MV, Esposito S, Tupone MG, Manzoli L, Airoldi I, Pompa P, et al. SOX2 boosts major tumor progression genes in prostate cancer and is a functional biomarker of lymph node metastasis. Oncotarget. 2016;7:12372–85.
Kregel S, Kiriluk KJ, Rosen AM, Cai Y, Reyes EE, Otto KB, et al. Sox2 is an androgen receptor-repressed gene that promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer. PLoS One. 2013;8:e53701.
Rybak AP, Tang D. SOX2 plays a critical role in EGFR-mediated self-renewal of human prostate cancer stem-like cells. Cell Signal. 2013;25:2734–42.
de Wet L, Williams A, Gillard M, Kregel S, Lamperis S, Gutgesell LC, et al. SOX2 mediates metabolic reprogramming of prostate cancer cells. Oncogene. 2022;41:1190–202.
Sotomayor P, Godoy A, Smith GJ, Huss WJ. Oct4A is expressed by a subpopulation of prostate neuroendocrine cells. Prostate. 2009;69:401–10.
Jeter CR, Liu B, Liu X, Chen X, Liu C, Calhoun-Davis T, et al. NANOG promotes cancer stem cell characteristics and prostate cancer resistance to androgen deprivation. Oncogene. 2011;30:3833–45.
Jeter CR, Liu B, Lu Y, Chao HP, Zhang D, Liu X, et al. NANOG reprograms prostate cancer cells to castration resistance via dynamically repressing and engaging the AR/FOXA1 signaling axis. Cell Discov. 2016;2:16041.
Chavali PL, Saini RK, Matsumoto Y, Agren H, Funa K. Nuclear orphan receptor TLX induces Oct-3/4 for the survival and maintenance of adult hippocampal progenitors upon hypoxia. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:9393–404.
Islam MM, Smith DK, Niu W, Fang S, Iqbal N, Sun G, et al. Enhancer analysis unveils genetic interactions between TLX and SOX2 in neural stem cells and in vivo reprogramming. Stem Cell Rep. 2015;5:805–15.
Kandel P, Semerci F, Mishra R, Choi W, Bajic A, Baluya D, et al. Oleic acid is an endogenous ligand of TLX/NR2E1 that triggers hippocampal neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2022;119:e2023784119.
Liotti A, Cosimato V, Mirra P, Cali G, Conza D, Secondo A, et al. Oleic acid promotes prostate cancer malignant phenotype via the G protein-coupled receptor FFA1/GPR40. J Cell Physiol. 2018;233:7367–78.
- SEO Powered Content & PR Distribution. Get Amplified Today.
- PlatoData.Network Vertical Generative Ai. Empower Yourself. Access Here.
- PlatoAiStream. Web3 Intelligence. Knowledge Amplified. Access Here.
- PlatoESG. Carbon, CleanTech, Energy, Environment, Solar, Waste Management. Access Here.
- PlatoHealth. Biotech and Clinical Trials Intelligence. Access Here.
- Source: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41416-024-02843-z